Chapter 10: Christendom in class notes

Christendom is associated with Europe

• Roots in Roman Empire (monopoly set of government)
• Area around the Mediterranean sea 
• Roman Empire collapsed around 500AD
• warfare- expansion
• the more land they tried to take over the harder it got ( not enough soldiers)
• protection of borders began to be hard, they lost their ability to protect there land
• Roman Empire: Educated, urban, civilized

Law enforcement: 

• No police
• No court to fix deputes 
• Basic social services

After the collapse of the Roman empire

• People moved to were there was resources and land owners
• Prayer=Christianity still existed after the collapse 
• Protection=protect borders
• Production=food/or other products

Post classical (middle ages, medieval) 

-Eastern Orthodox

-Constantinople was the capital trade was growing here

-Byzantine : 100 years still existed after the Roman Empire

-Continuation of Roman Empire

-Collapsed around 1500 AD

-Constantinople today is known as  Turkey

Chapter 9: In class notes

(Golden Age of China)

• during the classical era
• "Super powers"= Empires
• Global influence
• 600-1200AD
• infrastructures (canals: flourishing agriculture)
• Scholarship
• examination system
• participate in the bureaucrats
• merit: own accomplishments
• food product (rice)
• beautiful pottery
• printing of books
• huge ships

downside: 

 women foot binding 

a lot of women died during this process

Chapter 13:The worlds of the 15th century

Major Developments around the world during the 15th Century.

Central, East and Southeast Asia :

• Ming Dynasty in China

-Effective government

-Confucian/Daoist philosophy

-Major Buddhist presence

-Sophisticated artistic achievements 

-During the Mongol rule: for a century China's civilization was disrupted. This caused the population to drastically decreased.

 -During the Ming Dynasty China was able to recover.

-During the early Ming Dynasty there was a lot of effort in eliminating foreign ruling

-Reestablished of the civil service examination system that was neglected during the Mongol rule

-Rebuilding of canals 

-Population grew

-Both international/domestic trade flourished.

• Conquest of Timur

-Proved to be the LAST great military success of nomadic people from Central Asia
-Immense devastation to Russia, China, India.
-Timur died in 1405 while preparing to invade China

• Zheng He's maritime voyage 

-His expeditions served to establish Chinese power prestige in the Indian Ocean an to exert Chinese control over the foreign trade

-wanting to enroll   distant people and states in the Chinese tribute system

-

• Spread of Islam into Southeast Asia
• Rise of Malacca
• Civil War among competing warlords in Japan

South Asia/India :

• Timur's invasion of India 
• Various Muslim sultanates in Northern India
• Rise of Hindu state Vijayanagar in Southern India 
• Founding of Mughal Empire

 Middle East :

•  Expansion of Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman seizure of Constantinople
• Founding of Safavid Empire in Persia
• Ottoman siege of Vienna

Christendom/Europe : 

• European Renaissance

-Reflected the belief of wealthy elite that they were living in a wholly new era

-great artist were born this time

-

• Portuguese voyages of exploration along West Africa coast
• Completion of reconquest of Spain, ending Muslim control
• End of the Byzantine Empire
• End of Mongol rule in Russia; reign of Ivan the Great

Africa :

• Songhay Empire in West Africa

• Kingdom of the Kongo in West Central Africa
• Expansion of Ethiopia state in East Africa
• Kingdom of Zimbabwe/Mwene Mutapa in Southern Africa

The Americas/Western Hemisphere :

• Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica
• Inca Empire along the Andes
• Iroquois confederacy (NY state)

-Agreement to settle differences peacefully by a confederation council of clan leaders some of them had the authority to adjudicate disputes and set reparation payments

-Iroquois -speaking people had only recently become fully agricultural, adopting maize and bean farming techniques (originated from Mesoamerica)

By adapting agriculture:

- the population began to grow

-Size of settlement increased

-Distinct people emerged (Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida and Mohawk)

-Warfare erupted among them

-The Iroquois League gave expression to values of limited government social equality, and personal freedom, concepts that some European colonists found highly attractive.

• "Complex" Paleolithic societies along the West Coast of North America 

-300 edible animal species and abundance of salmon and other fish, extraordinary bounteous environment.

-They had permanent village settlements 

-Large and sturdy horses

-ranked societies : at times included slavery

-extensive food storage

Pacific Oceania :

• Paleolithic persistence in Australia 

-People in Australia mastered their environment

-"Fire-stick farming"= to set fires, they described it as "cleaning up the country"

the controlled burns served to clear the underbrush

-This made it easier for hunting 

-It encouraged the growth of plant and animal species 

-They exchanged goods among themselves and over distances of hundred of miles away

-Ritual Practices

-Created a elaborate mythologies 

-Developed sophisticated traditions (sculpture and rock painting)

• Chiefdom's and stratified societies on Pacific Islands
• Yap as center of Oceania trading network with Guam and Palu

Chapter 8: In class notes

1. Silk Roads Involved   Saudi Arabia-------India---------China

• Trade 
• Primarily silk was traded
• Trading post
• Cross culture
• Region benefiting Europeans
• Urban development (Forms of protection)

    2. Sand Roads involved Sahara and Sub-Sahara

• Sahara=Desert
• Sub-Sahara=jungle
• Camels helped transport goods
• people traveled at night because of the heat
• Bandits were people who knew the region very well and robbed people transporting goods
• People can get from the Sand Roads to the Silk Roads

   3. Sea Roads involved  Africa--------INDIAN OCEAN-----India

• Traded more than luxury goods
• traded necessities for daily life
• a money making system
• Transportation was cheaper
• They were  able to trade more than just a few things

Chapter 7: Class notes

Africa and America's civilization
People existed longer in:

1. Africa
2. Australia 

Niger Valley:
Cities without states
City-states= No government structure
Urban structures that were small (city-states)
they had a need for writing. (Law, trade, and power structure)
 civilization- broad structures. Empirical aggression
city-states= geography/landscape
Mountains/Islands (natural barriers limiting communication)
might be able to communicate verbally to everyone.

Bantu Migrations:
movement of people Southern portion of Africa, interacted with societies that already existed.
They brought diseases as well as the animals that carried diseases
They brought language
Spreading farming skills and practices
Iron was used for tools or weapons

Mayan's

• tools
• writing
• engineered landscapes
• water system

Teotihuacan "Greatest city"

• enormously impressive
• plazas
• huge market place
• temples
• palaces
• apartment complex
• slums
• water ways
• drainage system
• colorful murals

Chapter 12: Pastoral Peoples

"Revolution of domestication"

• Began around 11500 years ago
• It involved animals and plants
• People who practiced this type of economy learned to use (milk, blood, wool, hides and their own animals meat)
• Some of the animals started a new way of transportation
• Pastoral societies were less productive
• They also had smaller populations unlike an agricultural society
• They did not live in villages, towns or cities
• Characterized for their mobility

People who constantly move around are called nomads because of the shifting of herds in regular patters. Building large states among nomadic people was a difficult task to do because they did not have the wealth to buy professional armies and bureaucracies. Pastoral nomads had a relationship with their agricultural neighbors not only economically, militarily but culturally as well. At one point and time Judaism, Buddhism, different forms of Christianity, and Islam found a home somewhere around nomadic people in inner Eurasia. Xiongnu lived in Mongolian north of China. During this early nomadic empire there was a huge military confederacy that spread from Manchuria deep into Central Asia.The Xiongnu empire began a revolution in nomadic life. Early fragmented/egalitarian societies were transformed into more centralized and hierarchical political system.   

Chapter 10: Christendom

• 1/3 of the world's Christian's lived in Europe, the rest lived in parts of Africa, the Middle East  and Asia.
• They viewed Byzantium as a continuation of the Roman Empire.
• Byzantium was wealthier, more urbanized, and more cosmopolitan then it's western counterpart.
• Byzantium had access to the Black Sea and had command of the eastern Mediterranean.
• Byzantium wanted to preserve the legacy of the classical civilization and the Roman Empire.
• Roman Empire was permanently lost to Byzantium
• The Byzantium Empire remained a major force in the eastern Mediterranean, taking control of Greece, the majority of Balkans (Southern Europe) and Anatolia.
• State was tied with the church, the relationship between eachother was known as caesaropapism. 
• Orthodox Christianity had a big influence in the every aspect of Byzantine Life.

Chapter 9: China and the World East Asia Connections

China had a huge population, booming economy, massive trade surplus with the United States. China entered into the world of oil markets, had military potential and had a growing presence in global affairs. All this had China to be heading to a major role or even a dominant role in the 21st century.
"Golden age" involved arts, literature, setting standards for excellence in poetry, landscape painting and ceramics. They also had specialized markets for meat, herbs, vegetables, books, rice.
China had an internal waterways (canals, rivers, and lakes) they stretched about 30 thousand miles. These waterways provided cheap transportation that put together the country in a trading system. When this happen these cities were provided with food. Printing was also invented in China. Foot binding was also a major thing in China if you were a rich women in China foot binding was something that had to be done.Unlike commoner women who didn't have to go through the pain. China saw their society as a self sufficient. They believed they to only need little from the outside world. The tribute system was a set of practices that required a non-Chinese authorities. Chinese superiority and Chinese centered world order.

Korea and China

• Korea maintained  political independence while still practicing China's tribute system.
• Korean students were sent to China to study Confucianism, natural sciences and arts.
• Schools to study Confucianism using Chinese language were established in Korea.
• Korea became a part of expanding Chinese culture.
• "Overwhelming negative" impact on Korean women.

Vietnam and China

• Adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, administrative techniques, examination system, artistic and literacy styles.
• Very committed to Chinese culture but still keeping themselves different
• Developed a variation of  Chinese writing called chu mom (Southern script)

Japan and China

• Buddhist culture  influenced Japan.
• Combined China's culture and their own to be distinctive  

Handout on : Vikings and Polynesians

Polynesians resemble the Malay and South Americans because of their physical structure. Yet they differ and seemed to form an intermediate race. Polynesians are very cheerful and have good nature. They are always looking for ways that make them happy and others happy as well.


Hawaiian Antiques:
It is believed that these people came from near lands of Tahiti. Ancient Hawaiians mentioned the name of Tahiti in their mele, prayers, and legends. The affection of Tahiti and Hawaii is the reason for the name of Kahiki-nui to the district of Maui and named the group Hawaii. Hawaiians are known as one race with Tahiti and the islands close to it. The reason for this belief is because of their closely resembled characteristics they have physically, they also share languages, genealogies, traditions and legends.

Chapter 8: Commerce and Culture

Both the Silk-Roads network across Eurasia and the trans-Saharan trade routes began during the post-classical era. The Silk-Roads brought together pastoral and agricultural people. They also brought together large civilizations. This network also provided certain unity and coherence to Eurasia history and it's distinct stories about the separation of civilization and people. For 2,000 years goods, ideas, technologies and diseases made their way throughout  Eurasia on several routes of the Silk-Roads.Eurasia is divided into two parts an inner and outer zone. They both represent different types of environments. Outer Eurasia consist of warm, well watered areas, great for agriculture, which made it welcoming for civilizations of China, India, Middle East and the Mediterranean. Inner Eurasia lies farther north. Has dry climate, it makes it that much harder to have agriculture with that type of climate.Pastoral people lived in these lands, they herd their animals from horseback, the people within the region had for centuries traded with and raided their agricultural neighbors to the south. The demand for silk and cotton textiles from India was popular in the Roman Empire. As the supply of silk increased it began to expand throughout Eurasia trading routes.During the Tang dynasty Buddhist monks in China received purple silk robes. It mean high honor. Peasants sometimes gave up the cultivation of food crops. They began to just focus on producing silk, paper, porcelain, lacquerware or iron tools. Most of these things were destined to enter the markets of the Silk Road.People began to realize that the long-distance trade was where they will benefit the most, and a lot started to participate. The absence of a writing language was the obstacle for the pastoral people, to be involved in a highly literate religion like Buddhism that's why it slowly progressed among them. The reputation of the Monk's was seen as a miracle worker, rainmaker, and fortune teller. His personal relationship with Shi Le had lead them to construct hundreds of Buddhist temples. Buddhism spread across the Silk- Road from India to Central Asia, China and beyond that. It also changed. Buddhist monasteries in the rich oasis towns of the Silk Road found themselves much involved in the secular affairs.Not only were good and culture part of the Silk- Road, but diseases came along with it too. People were exposed to diseases that they had little immunity to or none at all. A lot people died during this time as well. The Indian Ocean was the representation of the largest sea based system of communication and exchange. It stretched from southern China to eastern Africa. Transportation was lower on the sea roads, unlike the silk-roads. Ships carried a lot more than a camel would. The Silk- Road couldn't transport many good so they strictly transported luxury good for the few that could afford them.

Chapter 7: Classical Era Variations

Along time ago people who originally were from Africa did not think of themselves as African.
In the Nile Valley south of Egypt were the lands of Nubian civilizations almost as old as Egypt itself. Over the years Nubians both traded goods and fought with Egypt. As Egypt fell under foreign control Nubian civilization came to center on the southern city of Moroe. The kingdom of Moroe was governed by the powerful and sacred monarchs.Weapons and Iron tools were prominent industries.
The significant encounter was between the agriculture Bantu and the gathering and hunting of the people who earlier occupied Africa south of the equator. During this encounter Bantu speaking farmers had a lot of advantages. One was agriculture help have a productive economy. Bantu viewed god as the remote and  largely uninvolved in  ordinary life. Focused instead on ancestral or nature spirit.

Chapter 11: The worlds of Islam

Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570-632 C.E) he was born in Mecca. The Quran was the name of his book it demanded social justice. There was pillars of Islam that were required to be  followed by believers.

Pillar One:
 Absolute monotheism and final revelation. In a simple but profession faith. "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"

Pillar Two:
Prayer perferbaly five times a day. At certain times, and performed facing Mecca.
Rituals, including cleansing, bowing, kneeling, prostration, expressed believers submission to Allah and provided a frequent reminder amid the busyness of daily life that they were living in a presence of the divine.

Pillar Three:
Required believers to generously generously give their wealth to maintain  community and to help the needy.

Pillar Four:
Was fasting for a whole month (No food, No drink or even sexual relations)
This went on from the first light of dawn to sundown of Ramadan.

Pillar Five:
Pilgrimage to Mecca, where believers from all over the Islamic world assembled once a year & put identical white  clothing as they performed rituals reminding them of the key events in Islamic history.

Chapter 6: Eurasian Social Hierarchies

The majority of the population of China was made out of peasants. This meant that about four to five people lived in one household. Representing two or three generations. Some peasants had land and were able to sell some in order to provide for their family. Some nearly had enough to survive. Nature, state and landlords made it that much difficult for peasants to live a stress free life. During the Han dynasty there was a lot of improvished peasants there last resort was to sell out to landlords and as  tenants or sharecroppers on their estates. Rents went as high as one half or two thirds of the crop. Many peasants began to rebel. Some joined a gang of bandits in  remote areas.What emerged from this was a massive peasant uprising known as the Yellow Turban rebellion. The yellow turban movement was looking for "Great Peace"  complete equality, social harmony and common ship of property. Merchants were looked as unproductive, making shameful profits from selling the work of others. They were stereotyped as greedy, luxury-loving and materialistic. Merchants were also looked at a social threat there wealth improvished others and deprived the state of needed revenues and fostered resentments. Dynasties sometimes forced merchants to loan large sums of money to the state. In both China and India birth social status for some people.

Chapter 5 class notes

Classical  Era is knows for : Seminal Ideas

Big 5+1

1. Confucius born in China

• 500 B.C
• (Analects) He did not write himself.
• Mandate of heaven 
• Not a system of religion
• Still relevant in China today
• Social Stability 

    2. Siddharta Gautama (Buddha)

• He was born a prince
• 500 B.C
• Born in India 
• Religion = Hindu roots
• Widely practiced today in China/Asia
• Enlightenment, anyone can achieve within their lifetime
• social change

    3. Hindu (Not an individual)

• Caste System
• (Priests,Warriors, Merchants, Peasants, Untouchables, Outcasts)
• System of religion
• Goal: Enlightenment
• Social Stability 
• Still practiced today

  4. Socrates

• Greece (Humanist)
• Did not write a book (Plato)
• No religion/System of philosophy (rational inquiry)
• 400 B.C living/teaching
• Still practiced today
• Tend to social change
• (Classical Greeks) 100 year period flourish thoughts (humanist)
• Philosopher king

   5. Jesus

• Born 0
• Roman Republic/Empire (Emperor at the top)
• Roman Republic 
• 300 B.C - 400 A.C (Anti Memorchical) 
• TIRED OF KINGS
• Religion
• Still practiced today
• Didn't write his own material
• Social Change
• 
  

Chapter 5: Eurasian Cultural Traditions

 Confucius was both educated and ambitious. He believed that he had the answer to all of China's problems. His way of solving issues was way different than legalists. No laws, No punishments, he believed in the moral example of superiors was the key to restore the society. Confucius believed that in a human society there was an unequal relation ship
Father was superior to the son.
Husband was superior to wife.
Older brother was superior to younger brother.
Ruler was superior to subject.
If the ones who were superior behaved sincere and genuine to others it was likely for those who were inferior to be obedient. "The relation between superiors and inferiors is like that between the wind and the grass. The grass must bend when the wind blows across it." Confucius made it clear that education was the key to moral betterment. Language,literature, history, philosophy and ethics had to do with practical government issues.
Confucianism was portrayed by Chinese culture.
"Let a woman modesty yield to others... Always let her seem to tremble and to fear... The she may be said to humble herself before others.. To guard carefully her chastity... to choose her words with care. to wash and scrub filth away... with whole- hearted devotion to sew and to weave to love not to gossip and silly laughter in cleanliness and order to prepare the wine and food for serving guests. These may be called the characteristics of womanly work." Meaning women had no say but to serve. They had no form of speech.
 They influenced young girls to get education this didn't mean they were equal to men but it was to prepare them to serve their husband when the time came.
Daoism was associated with the legendary figure Laoiz who was a sixth century archivist. This was the withdraw from the world of political and social activities. Nature was the main thing in Daoism." It meant living in small self sufficient communities. Limited government and leaving education.This will put end to everyone's troubles.
Islam, Hinduism had no historical founder.Over many centuries it grew along with Indian civilization. Later it spread to South Asia . Hinduism wasn't a missionary religion but it was associated with people and territory. Hinduism was a vast diversity of gods, spirits, beliefs, practices, rituals, and philosophies.They believed that humans souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes depending on the individuals actions. Good actions resulted in rebirth in a higher social position.

Chapter 4: Eurasian Empires

The Persian Empire was one of the most impressive empires in history. Persians had a kingship. If the king died Persians civilians were known to shave their hair in order to pay respect for the king dying. Persians horses had their manes cut short. Their Empire was a monarchy. In the empires there was spies known to be the "eyes and ears of the king".There was a royal road that was 1,700 miles long the king had messengers and he thought to believe that  with whatever weather it will not prevent the messages to get across with speed and certainty.

The Greeks new civilization came along during  750 B.C.E. The population in this empire was between 2-3 million. That was only a portion of what the Persian empire had.  The Greek civilization was between mountains and valleys which help shape the type of civilization they turned out to be. They had city-states that had about 500-5,000 male civilians. Each city-state did not participate in the conflicts between neighbors. But they had a lot in common they spoke the same language and worshiped some of the same gods. The Greek unlike the Persians took everything to a brother level. Greek settlements where all over the Mediterranean. Settlers brought the Greek culture, language, and building styles to new parts of the world. Unlike the Persians the Greek had a type of "citizenship" which had citizens of the city-states involved politically.

The Roman and Chinese were two empires that didn't know anything about each-other. The Roman Empire threw away the monarchy type of empire and began a republic political type of ruling. In this type of ruling it only meant one thing the rich had complete domination. Written laws only help the lower class from being abused.
The Chinese empire on the other hand they didn't believe in creating a different type of empire but they believed that by bringing back and old style will be the best for them.

Chapter 3: First Civilizations

Civilizations began their roots during the Agricultural Revolution, the Agricultural technology allowed people to produce a surplus of supplies to be enough for the large populations.The growing population meant that women in these civilizations had more then one child. In Egypt women were equal to mean. They were able to own land, and slaves. They had the power to sell land make their own wills to sign their own marriage contracts and to initiate a divorce. If this was going on during the early civilizations in Egypt why years later did women have to fight for these type of rights. What was it from this Egyptian civilization that saw women as equal as men were. Inequalities were mainly based on wealth, status and power.

Writing & Power

Writing had the advantage that people didn't have to orally carry on laws, religion, and history. People from the past that had the skill to know how to write they have thought us today what they were feeling and thinking. We then gained a lot of history from that. Writing includes a lot of things that help us understand peoples value's, their self view, and their relationship with the universe, and gods. Their writing also gives us an insight on why they behaved the way they did. Cave paintings was a way to self express and to show some type of message. Ideographic  writing is pictures that represent thing or thoughts. This is an unspoken language this can be understood but a lot of people. It requires a lot of memorization of the different sings. Phonetic writing was basically a particular sign or sound that represents a particular word. Only a few of the sings need to be memorized they are able to be grouped in endless number of sounds that make words to also create new words. Those who masted the writing skill had a lot of power and respect from people. In Egypt "scribes" were exempt from physical labor, taxation, and military services.  Writing possessed the capacity to shape the thoughts of those who didn't know how to write.Illiterate people listened to the readings of edicts, proclamations, laws, or religious texts. One of the first things people committed to do when knowing how to write was their own explanation of the creation of the universe, the world, and human begins.

Chapter 2: First Farmers The Revolutions of Agriculture

In chapter one we talked about the Paleolithic era and how this era was mainly the beginning of agriculture which included hunting and gathering. In this chapter we are talking about we are talking about an agriculture revolution and how people began to deliberate cultivation of particular plants and taming and breeding of particular animals. "Intensification" means getting more for less, more food and resources from such a smaller are of land than was possible with a gathering and hunting technology. Having more food meant having more people meaning societies began to grow. Which meant exploitation of the environment.  
The first area to experience a full agricultural revolution was the Fertile Crescent today this are is known as the Southwest Asia. It also consist of Iraq,Syria, Israel/Palestine and southern turkey.
The expand of agriculture didn't mean easy work. Farming was not an easy job it took much more effort then hunting and gathering did. Evidence shows that some deterioration in health more tooth decay and anemia. Shorter physical stature and short life expectancy. Living close to animals exposed humans to new diseases (smallpox, flu, measles, chicken pox, malaria, tuberculosis and rabies. If only one person got something shortly it spread.

The Need For Water In Ancient Societies

During Ancient times water was much of a need. People couldn't go on long times without water. They knew
that they had to live close to the supply of rivers for themselves and for the crops they began to know how to
grow. They found the need to build canals that went from the water source to the crops.There have been may
methods that have worked and many that caused problems.Pictures didn't really explain how canals where
made  especially they didn't show the tools that were used. Our conclusions were made by the evidence we soon discovered over the years.These people were smart because some of these methods that they invented
are things  that you wouldn't think they would come up with. Some of the methods used people some didn't
include none and some included animals. There was a variety of methods ancients societies came up with a lot
 of them are still being used today in those same cities.  Some of the people in power back then were either
that cared for the people or some that were selfish and just cared about the power they have. Water is
extremely  important it was then and it sure is now.

Chapter 1: First Peoples

    In the early stages of life for humans they needed to learn how to survive. In most cases the early humans started to find a way to hunt and gather food. They were not much of producers of food just yet. They took what food the earth had to offer them d of having the earth produce what they wanted.These people where called the "old stone age" people.
   Africa became the root of everyone. Even if most of us today do not believe it. Evidence shows that Africa was the first place where humans began to inhabit new environments such as forest and deserts.This follows the findings of tools these early homo sapiens used to hunt and gather to survive.
  Migration out of Africa began to head to the Middle East  from there westward and into Europe then eastward into Asia.
  Paleolithic societies were very small they ranged from 25-50 people. Within the group people maintained a close relationship with each-other. The population rate was very low within these societies. The paleolithic's frequently moved around mainly moving around to follow plants and animals they mainly dependent on. Hunting and gathering was low on productivity and with them moving around it make it harder for them to even try to transport goods around from place to place. They did not have no type of formal chiefs, kings, bureaucrats, soldiers, nobles, or priest. These people were completely free. Relationships between women and men were more equal then what societies later on had going on. Facts show that women gather and so did men but women provided with 70% of the daily diet and males only provided 30%. In these days physical competition was mainly among men they frequently had one on one battles in which usually there was blood spilled. People who do the hunting and gathering were called "primitive"