Chapter 10: Christendom in class notes

Christendom is associated with Europe

• Roots in Roman Empire (monopoly set of government)
• Area around the Mediterranean sea 
• Roman Empire collapsed around 500AD
• warfare- expansion
• the more land they tried to take over the harder it got ( not enough soldiers)
• protection of borders began to be hard, they lost their ability to protect there land
• Roman Empire: Educated, urban, civilized

Law enforcement: 

• No police
• No court to fix deputes 
• Basic social services

After the collapse of the Roman empire

• People moved to were there was resources and land owners
• Prayer=Christianity still existed after the collapse 
• Protection=protect borders
• Production=food/or other products

Post classical (middle ages, medieval) 

-Eastern Orthodox

-Constantinople was the capital trade was growing here

-Byzantine : 100 years still existed after the Roman Empire

-Continuation of Roman Empire

-Collapsed around 1500 AD

-Constantinople today is known as  Turkey

Chapter 9: In class notes

(Golden Age of China)

• during the classical era
• "Super powers"= Empires
• Global influence
• 600-1200AD
• infrastructures (canals: flourishing agriculture)
• Scholarship
• examination system
• participate in the bureaucrats
• merit: own accomplishments
• food product (rice)
• beautiful pottery
• printing of books
• huge ships

downside: 

 women foot binding 

a lot of women died during this process

Chapter 13:The worlds of the 15th century

Major Developments around the world during the 15th Century.

Central, East and Southeast Asia :

• Ming Dynasty in China

-Effective government

-Confucian/Daoist philosophy

-Major Buddhist presence

-Sophisticated artistic achievements 

-During the Mongol rule: for a century China's civilization was disrupted. This caused the population to drastically decreased.

 -During the Ming Dynasty China was able to recover.

-During the early Ming Dynasty there was a lot of effort in eliminating foreign ruling

-Reestablished of the civil service examination system that was neglected during the Mongol rule

-Rebuilding of canals 

-Population grew

-Both international/domestic trade flourished.

• Conquest of Timur

-Proved to be the LAST great military success of nomadic people from Central Asia
-Immense devastation to Russia, China, India.
-Timur died in 1405 while preparing to invade China

• Zheng He's maritime voyage 

-His expeditions served to establish Chinese power prestige in the Indian Ocean an to exert Chinese control over the foreign trade

-wanting to enroll   distant people and states in the Chinese tribute system

-

• Spread of Islam into Southeast Asia
• Rise of Malacca
• Civil War among competing warlords in Japan

South Asia/India :

• Timur's invasion of India 
• Various Muslim sultanates in Northern India
• Rise of Hindu state Vijayanagar in Southern India 
• Founding of Mughal Empire

 Middle East :

•  Expansion of Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman seizure of Constantinople
• Founding of Safavid Empire in Persia
• Ottoman siege of Vienna

Christendom/Europe : 

• European Renaissance

-Reflected the belief of wealthy elite that they were living in a wholly new era

-great artist were born this time

-

• Portuguese voyages of exploration along West Africa coast
• Completion of reconquest of Spain, ending Muslim control
• End of the Byzantine Empire
• End of Mongol rule in Russia; reign of Ivan the Great

Africa :

• Songhay Empire in West Africa

• Kingdom of the Kongo in West Central Africa
• Expansion of Ethiopia state in East Africa
• Kingdom of Zimbabwe/Mwene Mutapa in Southern Africa

The Americas/Western Hemisphere :

• Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica
• Inca Empire along the Andes
• Iroquois confederacy (NY state)

-Agreement to settle differences peacefully by a confederation council of clan leaders some of them had the authority to adjudicate disputes and set reparation payments

-Iroquois -speaking people had only recently become fully agricultural, adopting maize and bean farming techniques (originated from Mesoamerica)

By adapting agriculture:

- the population began to grow

-Size of settlement increased

-Distinct people emerged (Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida and Mohawk)

-Warfare erupted among them

-The Iroquois League gave expression to values of limited government social equality, and personal freedom, concepts that some European colonists found highly attractive.

• "Complex" Paleolithic societies along the West Coast of North America 

-300 edible animal species and abundance of salmon and other fish, extraordinary bounteous environment.

-They had permanent village settlements 

-Large and sturdy horses

-ranked societies : at times included slavery

-extensive food storage

Pacific Oceania :

• Paleolithic persistence in Australia 

-People in Australia mastered their environment

-"Fire-stick farming"= to set fires, they described it as "cleaning up the country"

the controlled burns served to clear the underbrush

-This made it easier for hunting 

-It encouraged the growth of plant and animal species 

-They exchanged goods among themselves and over distances of hundred of miles away

-Ritual Practices

-Created a elaborate mythologies 

-Developed sophisticated traditions (sculpture and rock painting)

• Chiefdom's and stratified societies on Pacific Islands
• Yap as center of Oceania trading network with Guam and Palu

Chapter 8: In class notes

1. Silk Roads Involved   Saudi Arabia-------India---------China

• Trade 
• Primarily silk was traded
• Trading post
• Cross culture
• Region benefiting Europeans
• Urban development (Forms of protection)

    2. Sand Roads involved Sahara and Sub-Sahara

• Sahara=Desert
• Sub-Sahara=jungle
• Camels helped transport goods
• people traveled at night because of the heat
• Bandits were people who knew the region very well and robbed people transporting goods
• People can get from the Sand Roads to the Silk Roads

   3. Sea Roads involved  Africa--------INDIAN OCEAN-----India

• Traded more than luxury goods
• traded necessities for daily life
• a money making system
• Transportation was cheaper
• They were  able to trade more than just a few things

Chapter 7: Class notes

Africa and America's civilization
People existed longer in:

1. Africa
2. Australia 

Niger Valley:
Cities without states
City-states= No government structure
Urban structures that were small (city-states)
they had a need for writing. (Law, trade, and power structure)
 civilization- broad structures. Empirical aggression
city-states= geography/landscape
Mountains/Islands (natural barriers limiting communication)
might be able to communicate verbally to everyone.

Bantu Migrations:
movement of people Southern portion of Africa, interacted with societies that already existed.
They brought diseases as well as the animals that carried diseases
They brought language
Spreading farming skills and practices
Iron was used for tools or weapons

Mayan's

• tools
• writing
• engineered landscapes
• water system

Teotihuacan "Greatest city"

• enormously impressive
• plazas
• huge market place
• temples
• palaces
• apartment complex
• slums
• water ways
• drainage system
• colorful murals

Chapter 12: Pastoral Peoples

"Revolution of domestication"

• Began around 11500 years ago
• It involved animals and plants
• People who practiced this type of economy learned to use (milk, blood, wool, hides and their own animals meat)
• Some of the animals started a new way of transportation
• Pastoral societies were less productive
• They also had smaller populations unlike an agricultural society
• They did not live in villages, towns or cities
• Characterized for their mobility

People who constantly move around are called nomads because of the shifting of herds in regular patters. Building large states among nomadic people was a difficult task to do because they did not have the wealth to buy professional armies and bureaucracies. Pastoral nomads had a relationship with their agricultural neighbors not only economically, militarily but culturally as well. At one point and time Judaism, Buddhism, different forms of Christianity, and Islam found a home somewhere around nomadic people in inner Eurasia. Xiongnu lived in Mongolian north of China. During this early nomadic empire there was a huge military confederacy that spread from Manchuria deep into Central Asia.The Xiongnu empire began a revolution in nomadic life. Early fragmented/egalitarian societies were transformed into more centralized and hierarchical political system.   

Chapter 10: Christendom

• 1/3 of the world's Christian's lived in Europe, the rest lived in parts of Africa, the Middle East  and Asia.
• They viewed Byzantium as a continuation of the Roman Empire.
• Byzantium was wealthier, more urbanized, and more cosmopolitan then it's western counterpart.
• Byzantium had access to the Black Sea and had command of the eastern Mediterranean.
• Byzantium wanted to preserve the legacy of the classical civilization and the Roman Empire.
• Roman Empire was permanently lost to Byzantium
• The Byzantium Empire remained a major force in the eastern Mediterranean, taking control of Greece, the majority of Balkans (Southern Europe) and Anatolia.
• State was tied with the church, the relationship between eachother was known as caesaropapism. 
• Orthodox Christianity had a big influence in the every aspect of Byzantine Life.

Chapter 9: China and the World East Asia Connections

China had a huge population, booming economy, massive trade surplus with the United States. China entered into the world of oil markets, had military potential and had a growing presence in global affairs. All this had China to be heading to a major role or even a dominant role in the 21st century.
"Golden age" involved arts, literature, setting standards for excellence in poetry, landscape painting and ceramics. They also had specialized markets for meat, herbs, vegetables, books, rice.
China had an internal waterways (canals, rivers, and lakes) they stretched about 30 thousand miles. These waterways provided cheap transportation that put together the country in a trading system. When this happen these cities were provided with food. Printing was also invented in China. Foot binding was also a major thing in China if you were a rich women in China foot binding was something that had to be done.Unlike commoner women who didn't have to go through the pain. China saw their society as a self sufficient. They believed they to only need little from the outside world. The tribute system was a set of practices that required a non-Chinese authorities. Chinese superiority and Chinese centered world order.

Korea and China

• Korea maintained  political independence while still practicing China's tribute system.
• Korean students were sent to China to study Confucianism, natural sciences and arts.
• Schools to study Confucianism using Chinese language were established in Korea.
• Korea became a part of expanding Chinese culture.
• "Overwhelming negative" impact on Korean women.

Vietnam and China

• Adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, administrative techniques, examination system, artistic and literacy styles.
• Very committed to Chinese culture but still keeping themselves different
• Developed a variation of  Chinese writing called chu mom (Southern script)

Japan and China

• Buddhist culture  influenced Japan.
• Combined China's culture and their own to be distinctive  

Handout on : Vikings and Polynesians

Polynesians resemble the Malay and South Americans because of their physical structure. Yet they differ and seemed to form an intermediate race. Polynesians are very cheerful and have good nature. They are always looking for ways that make them happy and others happy as well.


Hawaiian Antiques:
It is believed that these people came from near lands of Tahiti. Ancient Hawaiians mentioned the name of Tahiti in their mele, prayers, and legends. The affection of Tahiti and Hawaii is the reason for the name of Kahiki-nui to the district of Maui and named the group Hawaii. Hawaiians are known as one race with Tahiti and the islands close to it. The reason for this belief is because of their closely resembled characteristics they have physically, they also share languages, genealogies, traditions and legends.

Chapter 8: Commerce and Culture

Both the Silk-Roads network across Eurasia and the trans-Saharan trade routes began during the post-classical era. The Silk-Roads brought together pastoral and agricultural people. They also brought together large civilizations. This network also provided certain unity and coherence to Eurasia history and it's distinct stories about the separation of civilization and people. For 2,000 years goods, ideas, technologies and diseases made their way throughout  Eurasia on several routes of the Silk-Roads.Eurasia is divided into two parts an inner and outer zone. They both represent different types of environments. Outer Eurasia consist of warm, well watered areas, great for agriculture, which made it welcoming for civilizations of China, India, Middle East and the Mediterranean. Inner Eurasia lies farther north. Has dry climate, it makes it that much harder to have agriculture with that type of climate.Pastoral people lived in these lands, they herd their animals from horseback, the people within the region had for centuries traded with and raided their agricultural neighbors to the south. The demand for silk and cotton textiles from India was popular in the Roman Empire. As the supply of silk increased it began to expand throughout Eurasia trading routes.During the Tang dynasty Buddhist monks in China received purple silk robes. It mean high honor. Peasants sometimes gave up the cultivation of food crops. They began to just focus on producing silk, paper, porcelain, lacquerware or iron tools. Most of these things were destined to enter the markets of the Silk Road.People began to realize that the long-distance trade was where they will benefit the most, and a lot started to participate. The absence of a writing language was the obstacle for the pastoral people, to be involved in a highly literate religion like Buddhism that's why it slowly progressed among them. The reputation of the Monk's was seen as a miracle worker, rainmaker, and fortune teller. His personal relationship with Shi Le had lead them to construct hundreds of Buddhist temples. Buddhism spread across the Silk- Road from India to Central Asia, China and beyond that. It also changed. Buddhist monasteries in the rich oasis towns of the Silk Road found themselves much involved in the secular affairs.Not only were good and culture part of the Silk- Road, but diseases came along with it too. People were exposed to diseases that they had little immunity to or none at all. A lot people died during this time as well. The Indian Ocean was the representation of the largest sea based system of communication and exchange. It stretched from southern China to eastern Africa. Transportation was lower on the sea roads, unlike the silk-roads. Ships carried a lot more than a camel would. The Silk- Road couldn't transport many good so they strictly transported luxury good for the few that could afford them.

Chapter 7: Classical Era Variations

Along time ago people who originally were from Africa did not think of themselves as African.
In the Nile Valley south of Egypt were the lands of Nubian civilizations almost as old as Egypt itself. Over the years Nubians both traded goods and fought with Egypt. As Egypt fell under foreign control Nubian civilization came to center on the southern city of Moroe. The kingdom of Moroe was governed by the powerful and sacred monarchs.Weapons and Iron tools were prominent industries.
The significant encounter was between the agriculture Bantu and the gathering and hunting of the people who earlier occupied Africa south of the equator. During this encounter Bantu speaking farmers had a lot of advantages. One was agriculture help have a productive economy. Bantu viewed god as the remote and  largely uninvolved in  ordinary life. Focused instead on ancestral or nature spirit.

Chapter 11: The worlds of Islam

Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570-632 C.E) he was born in Mecca. The Quran was the name of his book it demanded social justice. There was pillars of Islam that were required to be  followed by believers.

Pillar One:
 Absolute monotheism and final revelation. In a simple but profession faith. "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"

Pillar Two:
Prayer perferbaly five times a day. At certain times, and performed facing Mecca.
Rituals, including cleansing, bowing, kneeling, prostration, expressed believers submission to Allah and provided a frequent reminder amid the busyness of daily life that they were living in a presence of the divine.

Pillar Three:
Required believers to generously generously give their wealth to maintain  community and to help the needy.

Pillar Four:
Was fasting for a whole month (No food, No drink or even sexual relations)
This went on from the first light of dawn to sundown of Ramadan.

Pillar Five:
Pilgrimage to Mecca, where believers from all over the Islamic world assembled once a year & put identical white  clothing as they performed rituals reminding them of the key events in Islamic history.

Chapter 6: Eurasian Social Hierarchies

The majority of the population of China was made out of peasants. This meant that about four to five people lived in one household. Representing two or three generations. Some peasants had land and were able to sell some in order to provide for their family. Some nearly had enough to survive. Nature, state and landlords made it that much difficult for peasants to live a stress free life. During the Han dynasty there was a lot of improvished peasants there last resort was to sell out to landlords and as  tenants or sharecroppers on their estates. Rents went as high as one half or two thirds of the crop. Many peasants began to rebel. Some joined a gang of bandits in  remote areas.What emerged from this was a massive peasant uprising known as the Yellow Turban rebellion. The yellow turban movement was looking for "Great Peace"  complete equality, social harmony and common ship of property. Merchants were looked as unproductive, making shameful profits from selling the work of others. They were stereotyped as greedy, luxury-loving and materialistic. Merchants were also looked at a social threat there wealth improvished others and deprived the state of needed revenues and fostered resentments. Dynasties sometimes forced merchants to loan large sums of money to the state. In both China and India birth social status for some people.